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Poland Polish Solutions in the Protection of Elderly Rights
- Edited by Robin Fretwell Wilson, University of Illinois, June Carbone, University of Minnesota
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2023
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 03 April 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 October 2023, pp 321-334
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Summary
Résumé
Selon les derni e res recherches, la Pologne devrait, d’ici 2100, occuper la premi e re place en termes de proportion de personnes âgées par rapport au reste de la population, et être ainsi le pays le plus âgé d’Europe. Il est donc important d’évaluer le système actuel du droit de la famille, du droit des successions et du droit civil en Pologne, afin de sauvegarder de manière adéquate les intérêts des personnes âgées dans les actes de la vie civile. Il faut partir du principe que les personnes âgées devraient pouvoir contracter aussi longtemps que possible, grâce à un soutien adéquat. En outre, le recours à l’incapacité légale, qui est fréquemment utilisé à l’encontre des personnes âgées en Pologne, ne contribue pas à la protection de leurs droits fondamentaux, mais est au contraire discriminatoire dans de nombreux cas.
L’objectif scientifique de cet article est d’identifier les tendances et d’analyser les solutions existantes dans le droit civil polonais pour la protection des intérêts des personnes âgées, y compris dans le droit de la famille et le droit des successions. La possibilité pour ces personnes de participer à des actes civils est particulièrement préoccupante. L’article propose de définir un cadre optimal pour la protection des intérêts des personnes âgées en Pologne. Celui-ci impliquera la détermination de principes généraux et de lignes directrices pour la protection des personnes âgées, tout en essayant de construire de nouvelles solutions statutaires pour répondre au problème de plus en plus visible du vieillissement de la population en Pologne.
La législation polonaise comporte certaines dispositions utiles pour la protection des droits des personnes âgées. Il s’agit, par exemple, de mécanismes du droit des successions tels que la succession par les grands-parents du testateur et le droit des grands-parents à une quasi-créance alimentaire. Toutefois, de nouvelles dispositions restent attendues. Il semble nécessaire de supprimer l’incapacité légale et de la remplacer par des institutions basées sur la prise de décision assistée, comme le mandat de protection future donné à un mandataire ou encore un modèle plus flexible d’intervention judiciaire ou administrative adapté aux besoins des personnes âgées. L’objectif d’une telle législation devrait être de fournir un soutien aux personnes âgées, tant matériel qu’immatériel, afin qu’elles puissent participer activement le plus longtemps possible aux actes de la vie civile et à la vie sociale.
Poland: Legal Effects of Incapacitation in Polish Family Law
- Edited by Robin Fretwell Wilson, University of Illinois, June Carbone, University of Minnesota
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2022
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 15 November 2023
- Print publication:
- 28 November 2022, pp 275-290
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Summary
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Le droit polonais de la famille contient des dispositions relatives aux conséquences juridiques des mesures d’incapacité qui interfèrent de manière excessive avec l’autonomie de la volonté personnelle, le droit à la liberté et le respect de la vie privée. En outre, il manque également d’adaptabilité aux besoins individuels spécifi ques. L’incapacité légale est une institution du droit polonais dont la portée et les principaux effets juridiques sont régis par le Code civil polonais (CCP). Le Code civil polonais différencie l’incapacité légale en deux groupes: l’incapacité légale totale (article 13) et l’incapacité légale partielle (article 16). Le Code polonais de procédure civile (PCCP) réglemente la procédure judiciaire relative à la mise en œuvre de l’incapacité en son article 554. Parallèlement, d’autres lois, telle que la loi polonaise sur la famille et la tutelle (Polish Family and Guardianship Law – PFGC), précisent d’autres effets juridiques de l’incapacité, de manière directe ou indirecte. Dans le présent article, les conséquences d’une mesure d’incapacité légale sur les droits intéressant la famille sont évaluées au regard de ces lois. Une analyse détaillée de la compatibilité des dispositions de la PFGC avec les droits de l’Homme et avec les principes fondamentaux du droit civil polonais est également effectuée en tenant compte du cadre fixé par la Convention des Nations Unies relative aux droits des personnes handicapées. Il en ressort que ces normes sont en contradiction avec les obligations découlant du droit international applicable, y compris la Convention des Nations Unies relative aux droits des personnes handicapées, et ne sont pas non plus conformes aux principes fondamentaux du droit civil polonais.
Poland The Reform of the Civil Status Records Act in Poland and Discussion of Directions of its Amendments
- Edited by Margaret Brinig
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2021
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 22 February 2022
- Print publication:
- 28 September 2021, pp 395-406
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Ce chapitre aborde diverses questions relatives à la loi sur l’état civil actuellement débattue en Pologne. Ces dernières concernent l’organisation de l’état civil en Pologne (politisation des officiers de letat civil et fragmentation organisationnelle), ainsi que des problèmes juridiques pratiques (par exemple, savoir s’il est permis de transcrire l’acte de naissance d’un enfant né à l’étranger indiquant deux parents de même sexe, ainsi que les questions liées à l’enregistrement du mariage par concordat).
Le chapitre aborde ensuite la numérisation de l’enregistrement de l’état civil en Pologne dans le cadre des réformes envisagées. L’analyse se place dans une perspective historique et s’accompagne d’une brève explication sur l’importance de l’enregistrement de l’état civil en Pologne.
INTRODUCTION
After the end of the Second World War, Poland introduced, in 1946, a secular and universal system for civil status registration, replacing the heterogeneous and predominantly denominational registration based on religious record books kept by the clergy of the respective denominations. The ensuing process of secularisation of family law was consistent with the separation of Church and State, making it mandatory for marriages under civil law to be officiated by a registrar of civil status, and to be subject to State law on civil status registration. Polish society's initial resistance to the secularisation of the celebration of marriage was fuelled by the Catholic Church's critical attitude towards the obligation of concluding marriages in a civil status office, as well as low awareness of the law. Both of these factors resulted in widespread negligence of the duty, and in serious omissions with respect to birth and death registration. As a result, in 1958, it was made illegal to conclude a church marriage before its civil registration, a rule that continued to apply until 1989. Under the socialist system, general law and the secular civil registration system gradually became established, in social practice, as governing the events giving rise to family relations. The 1955 decree was replaced with the Civil Status Records Act of 29 September 1986, which, despite multiple amendments, continued to apply until 2014.
The political and economic turning point marked by the transition to a democratic system of government and a market economy also had a strong impact on the regulation of family relations and, by extension, on the law on civil status records.
Poland: Discussion and Reform of Family Law in Poland
- Edited by Margaret Brinig
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2020
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 09 February 2021
- Print publication:
- 23 September 2020, pp 203-214
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Summary
Résumé
Cet article interroge le bien-fondé des réformes apportées au droit de la famille au cours des années. Une attention particulière est portée aux facteurs et aux arguments avancés en faveur d’un code de la famille qui couvrirait l’ensemble de la matière. Cet article s’intéresse aussi à des dispositions particulières ainsi qu’à la place des normes du droit familial au sein du système juridique général. Il fait également état de propositions visant à remplacer le code actuel par un nouveau et qui représentent un mouvement important au sein de la théorie juridique civiliste. Le projet de code de la famille présenté dans cet article a fait l’objet de débats passionnés entre théoriciens et praticiens du droit et ces controverses démontrent que la Pologne ne s’est toujours pas dotée d’un modèle juridique satisfaisant en matière de mariage, de famille, de droit de garde ou d’autorité parentale. Pour ces raisons, il est nécessaire de poursuivre les recherches.
INTRODUCTION
The adverse fortunes of Poland's statehood meant that family law did not emerge as a subject worthy of Polish legal thought until after the end of the Second World War. Although the country won independence after the First World War, it failed to lay down harmonised state-wide legislation in the interwar period. As a result, each individual region retained its pre-existing laws. However, the Civil Law Codification Commission operating in the interwar period put forward draft laws that later formed the basis for the 1945–46 family unification process intended to align the law across the country. As a result, four acts were passed, covering marital law, family law, guardianship law and law on marital property. Another step in the development of Polish family law was marked by the Family Code of 1950 which brought all family law regulations under a single legislative act. The main defect of the Code was its brevity (only 93 articles) which made its application difficult in practice and required extensive case law to fill the gaps. Another Code was passed in 1964 which learned from these lessons. This is the Family and Guardianship Code which remains in force to the present day.
8 - Methods and Techniques: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
- Edited by Muriel Geldof, Maarten van Bommel, Marije Vellekoop, Ella Hendriks
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- Book:
- Van Gogh's Sunflowers Illuminated
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 25 November 2020
- Print publication:
- 21 June 2019, pp 207-227
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Summary
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique offering a non-invasive alternative to the traditional analysis of artworks by means of sampling. A cross-section photomicrograph of a sample collected from a painting has its own limitations, mostly due to the restricted number of samples it is possible to collect. There is a need, therefore, for non-invasive verification of locally acquired data, even at the price of not attaining the fuller information given by sample examination. OCT offers such an opportunity, as a non-invasive, fast and contactless technique that provides cross-sectional images of sub-surface structures over relatively large areas. OCT has been used for the examination of artworks since 2004, but recent progress in imaging techniques has made it more applicable to resolving practical issues raised by art conservators and curators. While most applications are connected with the examination of transparent and semi-transparent layers on easel paintings, other objects, such as wall paintings, historic and archaeological glass, ceramics, semi-precious stones like jade, and even parchment, have also been successfully examined using OCT.
A major limitation of OCT for the examination of artworks is the limited transparency of their structure to the probing light utilized by the technique. OCT is an interferometric technique that uses broadband infrared radiation to determine the distance to a structure that scatters or reflects light. If the spectrum of the source is broad enough (c. 200 nm in near infrared) the precision of layer thickness measurements (the axial resolution of technique) is about 3 μm in air and 2 μm in media such as varnish. This permits detection of thin transparent layers, for example varnishes on the surface of a painting. The unique instrument used to examine the Amsterdam Sunflowers was constructed at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń especially for the examination of artworks within the EU CHARISMA project. It utilizes a superluminescent light source with a spectral range of 770–970 nm. The total power measured at the object is less than 0.8 mW and the beam is never focused at the same spot for longer than 50 μs. The narrow beam of infrared light penetrates the object as far as is possible for a given absorbance of the structures at this spot – usually a fraction of a millimetre – and is collected by the instrument's optics.
Poland Supporting Elderly Persons in Polish Family and Succession Law
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- By Małgorzata Balwicka-Szczyrba, Professor of Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, Department of Civil Law, University of Gdańsk, Poland, Anna Sylwestrzak, Professor of Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, Department of Civil Law, University of Gdańsk, Poland, Marcin Glicz, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Administration, Department of Civil Law, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
- Edited by Margaret Brinig
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- Book:
- International Survey of Family Law 2018
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 31 January 2019
- Print publication:
- 28 September 2018, pp 425-440
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The legal rights of elderly persons as embedded within human rights arise from international conventions. Clear trends can be identified in Europe towards a further strengthening of the legal situation of this social group. Research on the laws regarding maintenance of elderly persons who cannot support themselves is consistent with that trend.
In the context of Polish civil law, the need for providing elderly persons with tangible support, on the grounds that their ability to earn a livelihood declines and their health condition deteriorates in the course of time, is justifiable by strong ethical considerations. The fact that seniors in Poland are entitled to file claims for maintenance under the provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Family and Guardianship Code demonstrates a cross-generational solidarity grounded in a fundamental principle whereby the working-age population lends the elderly a helping hand in exchange for their experience and assistance. Family bonds play a crucial role in that context because they give rise to the maintenance obligation as well as provide grounds for quasimaintenance claims to which the decedent's grandparents are entitled.
The object of this chapter is to discuss the question of maintenance for elderly persons in Polish family and succession law and determine whether the adopted solutions provide adequate protection to the legal interests of this growing social group. Owing to increased cross-border migration, the chapter also raises issues of conflict of laws to the extent that they relate to maintenance.
THE RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH ON THE PROBLEM OF OLD-AGE MAINTENANCE
Taking into consideration the current demographic situation, there are a number of phenomena related to maintenance in its wide sense, which used to be quite negligible in the past, but which are now emerging with growing frequency. Owing to a lengthening of the average human lifespan, old age is now becoming an increasingly longer stage in life, thereby giving rise to maintenance obligations enforceable not only against adult children, but also grandchildren or even great-grandchildren.